Irish dairy herd fertility has been declining since the 1980s. The extent, nature and causes of this decline in fertility and the current status of Irish dairy herd fertility were described. An increase in calving interval of approximately one day per year has been recorded. The principal components of this trend have been an increased incidence of postpartum endocrinopathies, reduced expression of oestrus and a fall in conception rate. Both submission rate and calving-to-service interval have increased slightly over time.

• Cork Report 1982 Pdf To Excel Converter
• Pdf To Excel Converter Online Free

Significant risk factors associated with these trends have been strain substitution within the Holstein-Friesian breed and single trait selection for milk production. Critically, these changes have been reflected in loss of body condition. Contributory factors included increased herd size and possibly increased use of DIYAI. The most recent Irish study showed that 48% of cows conceived to first service and 14% of cows were not pregnant at the end of the industry-average 15-week spring breeding season. However, the top quartile of herds achieved a first-service conception rate of 59%, illustrating the wide variation between herds. These phenotypic trends were attributed to both genetic and environmental factors and their interactions.

Recent Irish dairy herd fertility performance falls short of the targets set for seasonal compact calving. Extent of the decline in herd fertilitySurveys of Irish dairy cattle showed that herd fertility was high throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The majority of these studies reported calving rates, with a small number reporting conception rates or non-return rates.

Calving rates to first service by artificial insemination varied between 60% and 69%, calving intervals between 357 and 380 days and infertile rates between 2% and 10%. These studies collected data on between approximately 2,000 and 8,000 cows per study.The first indication of a significant decline in Irish dairy herd fertility was detected in a retrospective analysis of data from Teagasc research herds. The highest conception rate to first service was recorded in 1980 as 67% and it declined to 59% in 1988. Subsequent studies in commercial herds in the 1990s confirmed this phenotypic trend (Figure ) when calving rate to first service declined significantly by 0.7% to 0.9% per year ,.

However, the decline in calving rate to all services was smaller (0.5% per year: ). Calving rate to first service in DairyMIS herds, 1991 to 1998.

(Source: ).These trends recorded in research herds and DairyMIS herds may or may not be representative of trends in the national dairy cow population. However, they are consistent with fertility data from cows in milk recording herds during the 1990s (Figure ). These data show an increase in calving interval of 0.9 days per year (1993: 389 days v. 1999: 395 days) and a decrease in reappearance rate between first and second lactation of 1% per year (1993:80.4% v. Calving interval in Irish milk recording herds, 1990 to 1999.

(Source: ).Furthermore, the genetic data from Irish progeny test bulls show a similar decline in survival and calving interval proofs in the 1980s and 1990s. Overall, these data suggest that the decline in dairy herd fertility began during the 1980s with a reduction of 0.5% to 0.9% per year in conception rate or calving rate and an increase in calving interval of approximately one day per year.These trends are not unique to Irish herds.

Similar trends have been reported worldwide: in the UK , France , Germany , Spain , the Netherlands , Scandinavia , Israel , Australia (M. Haile-Mariam, Institute of Land and Food Resources, University of Melbourne, personal communication) and North America ,.

Even in New Zealand, where cow fertility has been assumed to be high, recent survey data indicate conception rates are lower (first AI conception rate of 53%) than in previous years. In addition, in the UK, fertility in maiden heifers selected for milk production declined from 1981 to 1998.Contrary to this profile of declining herd fertility, Silva et al.

did not find a trend in calving interval in data covering fifty-two years (1923 to 1974) from dairy herds in Florida. Similarly, Whitaker suggested that declining herd fertility has been happening only on some farms in the UK but not on all farms.

These reports may reflect significant regional or herd variation in the occurrence of the risk factors outlined hereunder. Postpartum endocrinopathiesThere are compelling data from the UK demonstrating significant changes over the last two decades in the pattern, but not the onset, of postpartum luteal activity in dairy cows. Recent large-scale studies from abroad indicate between 40% and 50% of dairy cows now have abnormal luteal profiles post partum ,.

In addition, negative genetic and phenotypic relationships have been demonstrated between milk yield and resumption of cyclicity post partum. Comparison of recent Irish data (Teagasc, unpublished) with Irish data from 20 years ago indicates an increased incidence of both abnormal milk progesterone profiles and delayed onset of luteal activity (Table ). SuboestrusConcern has been expressed over the apparent decline in efficiency of detection of oestrus in recent years. Data from New Zealand show a significant decline in 21-day submission rate of 0.5% per year from 1973 (94%) to 1996 (82%). This may reflect a decrease in efficiency of detection of oestrus or an increase in anoestrus. Data from the UK and North America show a slight decline in efficiency of detection of oestrus during the 1980s and 1990s ,.

One component of this decline may be a reduction in the intensity of expression of oestrus. A comparison of the average duration of oestrus in pasture-based, spring-calving Irish dairy cows between the 1970s (9.3 h: ) and 25 years later (8.4 h: ) suggests no difference in the duration of oestrus. However, comparison of the average number of mounts per oestrus reveals a decline from, on average, 52 mounts to 12 mounts. High genetic merit and high milk yield have been associated with reduced expression of oestrus at first ovulation.

Jorritsma et al. suggested that reduced expression of oestrus may be caused by low blood cholesterol concentrations resulting in low blood oestrogen concentrations in cows with fatty liver. Notwithstanding these findings, with good management (five observations/day for detection of oestrus, with tail paint and prebreeding-season veterinary examinations), submission rates (24-day) approaching 100% were achieved in Teagasc experimental herds ,.

Similarly, submission rates increased slightly during the 1990s in DairyMIS herds , possibly due to increased adoption of prebreeding-season detection of oestrus and early treatment of anoestrous cows (Mee et al., 2002). Overall, these data suggest that efficiency of detection of oestrus and submission rates have not declined in Irish herds. However, increased awareness of poor fertility and increased veterinary intervention may be masking reduced expression of oestrus. Poor quality of oocyte or embryoThe most recent data from high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows indicate that fertilisation rate (90%) has not declined. Thus, it is assumed that the major components of the decline in conception rate are compromised developmental competence of oocyte and/or of embryo leading to early embryonic mortality.

It is not clear what are the underlying mechanisms. Working physiological models include greater hepatic metabolism of steroid hormones in high-yielding cows with consequent asynchrony between the onset of oestrus and ovulation , increased ovulation rate , and compromised development of early oocytes and of embryos. Severe negative energy balance (NEB) immediately post partum may alter gene expression in the pre-antral follicle resulting in a dysfunctional mature follicle with resultant poor oocyte quality and a subfunctional corpus luteum during the subsequent breeding season. Metabolic non-adaptation in early lactation, as evidenced in the circulation by elevated concentrations of ammonia, urea and NEFAs and lower concentrations of IGF-I, may detrimentally affect the quality of oocyte and corpus luteum ,. Underlying these models may be alteration of the somatotropic-gonadotropic axis in favour of increased somatotropin and reduced insulin secretion resulting from increased milk production and reduced fat deposition through single trait selection. Causes of the decline in herd fertilityPutative risk factors may be classified as genetic (strain substitution, selection for milk yield, inbreeding), nutritional (NEB), managemental (calving pattern, herd size, detection of oestrus, feeding management, synchronisation of oestrus, do-it-yourself artificial insemination (DIYAI), fixed-time AI (FTAI), milking frequency, bovine somatotropin (bST), environmental (reproductive diseases, housing conditions, EDCs, global warming) and their interactions. Some of these factors are of limited relevance in Irish dairy herds (FTAI, milking frequency, bST, confinement, global warming), whereas others are of unknown relevance (inbreeding, EDCs) and the remainder are most relevant.

Strain substitutionPrior to the 1960s, the dairy Shorthorn was the predominant breed in Irish dairy herds (Figure ). Shorthorns were gradually replaced by British Friesians, which predominated in the national herd during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1974, the Department of Agriculture licensed the first importation of semen from Holstein bulls. By the 1980s the British Friesian was rapidly being replaced through the importation of European and North American Holstein-Friesian (NAHF) cows, semen and embryos.

This trend was accelerated following the introduction of the single European market in 1992. Thus, the proportion of NAHF genetics increased from less than 10% in 1977 to 80% in 1998 in the British Isles (Figure ). This compares with 24% and almost 100% in the New Zealand and Dutch national dairy herds, respectively.

Percentage of Holstein genes in cows registered by Holstein UK and Ireland (HUKI) between 1977 and 1998. (Sources: ,).As this was occurring, it was concluded that the available data did not support or refute the contention that 'holsteinisation' would reduce Irish herd fertility. However, Irish experiments in the 1990s showed poorer reproductive performance in imported Holstein-Friesians of high genetic merit than in those of medium genetic merit. The introduction of NAHF genetics to dairy cow populations worldwide has been associated with reduced herd fertility, particularly in seasonal-calving dairy industries ,. This impact has been greatest in dairy industries where Holstein-Friesians comprise over 90% of the dairy cow population, such as North America, the Netherlands, the UK and Ireland. There are, nonetheless, reports of no adverse relationship between genetic merit for milk production and dairy herd fertility ,. Single trait selectionAlthough selection for milk production alone had traditionally been practised in Irish dairy herds, the rate of genetic gain was low (0.5% per year) up to the mid-1980s.

However, since 1985, with accelerated strain substitution, this has increased markedly to over 1% per year. There is a qualified genetic relationship between increasing genetic merit for higher milk yield (Figure ) and reducing fertility whereby management and environment affect the relationship. For example, relatively higher-producing cows tend to be inseminated later than their lower-producing herdmates.

In Ireland, this relationship is affected not merely by genetic merit for milk production but also by concurrent strain substitution. Hence, the decline in fertility cannot solely be attributed to the increase in yield (Figure ). In Ireland, the introduction of the milk quota resulted in excess dairy cows being retained in herds with consequent lower phenotypic milk yields per cow than their genetic potential might indicate as reflected in the temporal trend in genetic and phenotypic yield during the 1980s (Figure and ). Introduction of the milk quota also resulted in a low culling rate (15%) by international standards but infertility is the most common reason for culling (24%) and has increased significantly over time ,. Selection for milk production alone has consistently been accompanied by reduced herd fertility due to the negative genetic correlations at cow level between these variables ,. Negative energy balanceIn early lactation milk output increases faster than dry matter intake.

With selection on milk production alone, the correlated increase in dry matter intake is insufficient to balance the increased nutrient requirements; hence, the extent and duration of NEB is exacerbated. In Ireland, the introduction of milk quotas in 1984 led to the practices of drying off early and restricting feeding prior to the spring breeding season to avoid supplying over quota as most farmers retained excess cows for their quota.

These practises resulted in excess body condition score (BCS) at calving and increased subsequent BCS loss. High BCS during the dry period is often associated with a more severe and longer-lasting NEB in early lactation. A greater dependence was placed on extending the grazing season and maximising utilisation of grazed grass as a major source of dietary energy to cut costs as income was restricted by quota. Concurrently, the genetic trend for BCS in sires used in Irish dairy herds declined consistently in the 1980s and 1990s. Along with increased milk yield over time, there have been changes in the lactation curve of Irish dairy cows; the slope is now steeper, peak week of lactation is later (1978, 5.5 weeks; 1999, 10.3 weeks) and lactation length is longer. These changes in management, nutrition and genetics have led to an increased risk of deeper and more prolonged NEB in early lactation.

This may be reflected in the greater decline in calving rate to first service compared to subsequent services reported during the 1990s. Recent data from Irish commercial dairy herds have shown that poor BCS (0.5) between calving and first service are significantly associated with reduced submission, conception and pregnancy rates.

Breeding patternThroughout the 1990s the farming media highlighted the decline in fertility in Irish dairy herds. This could have influenced dairy farmers to prolong the calving-to-first service interval in the hope that this would improve conception rate but with a possible increase in the calving interval. Data from France indicate this policy was adopted there when conception rates declined and calving interval increased. Irish data show a small increase in calving-to-service interval (68 v. 71 days) between herd surveys in 1969-70 and in 1999. However, the proportion of cows first served more than three months postpartum increased from the 1980s (12%, ) to the 1990s (21%, ).

The other component of calving interval, gestation length, has increased by approximately one day in Friesian cows mated to Friesian sires since records began (1979: 281 days; 2001: 282 days - Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 1979 - 2001). Consequently, it is suggested that a lower conception rate (and, hence, longer calving-to-conception interval) is the primary component of a longer calving interval but there may also be a contribution from an increased calving-to-service interval. Calving patternAfter the introduction of milk quotas (1984), there was a move away from winter/early spring-calving towards late spring-calving, to maximise utilisation of grazed grass. This may have contributed to higher culling for 'infertility' as farmers had to adopt a more compact breeding season to have cows milking from the first day of April, the start of the new milk quota year.

It is not known whether these changes in calving and breeding patterns accentuated any possible detrimental effect on dairy cow fertility exerted by the stress of turnout onto highly fertilised, low dry matter pasture. In beef heifer models, acute nutritional stress around AI has significantly reduced embryo survival but intake of high crude protein pasture has not. The reproductive needs of a seasonal dairy industry with a compact breeding season may not be compatible with NAHF genetics, which originated in an all-year-round-calving dairy industry. Average Irish dairy herd size between 1960 and 2001.

(Sources: ,).However, a shortage of skilled labour has emerged as a more critical issue with a 17% drop in the farm labour force during the same decade. In addition, part-time farming emerged as a significant trend in herd management on Irish farms during the 1990s. Reduced efficiency of detection of oestrus in large herds has been associated with inadequate attention to individual cows, insufficient time spent observing cows for oestrus, over-reliance on tail paint, and poor record keeping.

A factor analysis of data from Irish dairy herds from 1991 to 1998 showed a significant relationship between large herd size (and associated characteristics) and reduced calving rate. Expanding and large herds are also more likely to maintain infectious agents that may cause reduced calving rates, such as bovine viral diarrhoea virus (Mee et al., 2002), Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and Salmonella spp (Mee et al., 2002).

This infectious challenge may have been exacerbated by increased use (22%) of bulls for breeding throughout the 1990s, possibly in order to reduce time spent detecting oestrus. Furthermore, with increases in herd size has come a move away from tie-up byre and straw-bedded housing to cubicle housing, which may contribute towards a reduction in the expression of oestrus and in the productive lives of the cows. Do-it-yourself artificial insemination (DIYAI)The Department of Agriculture issued the first licences for herdowners or their whole-time employees to perform DIYAI in 1984. In 1991, approximately one third of inseminations in DairyMIS herds were conducted by DIYAI. By 1996, this had increased to almost half of all inseminations. This trend was confirmed nationally by the doubling in the number of DIYAI licences issued from 1992 to 2001. There has also been increased usage of DIYAI internationally.

In an Australian study where professional and DIYAI technicians were compared in the same herds, the latter had a significantly lower conception rate (by 4%). Examination of DairyMIS data from 1991 to 1996 showed that first service calving rate to DIYAI (48%) was significantly lower than that of commercial AI (55%) and overall first service calving rate declined over time. The decline in herd fertility in these herds was partially attributed to the increased use of DIYAI and the associated lower fertility. However, calving rates following DIYAI may be attributed to DIYAI per se or herd characteristics such as calving pattern, herd size and milk yield.

Recent data (1999-2000) indicate no differences in conception rates between commercial and DIY operators in DairyMIS herds. Furthermore, the impact of DIYAI on herd fertility nationally is likely to be much less than that in DairyMIS herds as the proportion of farmers nationally using DIYAI is substantially lower (2,923 dairy and beef farmers licensed in 2001; ). Current fertility in Irish dairy herdsGiven these trends in herd fertility, Teagasc embarked on a large-scale longitudinal study in 1999 to benchmark the reproductive performance of Irish commercial dairy herds. This ongoing study of 77 spring-calving herds has collected data on approximately 6,500 cows per year. Data were collected on management, nutrition, genetics, health and fertility with all herds enrolled in DairyMIS.

Results for fertility traits are shown in Table. Estimated 305-day milk yield averaged 6,570 kg/cow in cows having 50% Holstein-Friesian genes. On average, herd fertility was below that required to achieve compact calving. However, the top quartile of herds on conception rate to first service achieved good herd fertility (conception rate to first service 59%, infertile rate 11%, 14-week breeding season).

In a questionnaire survey, the majority of farmers replied that they followed recommended fertility management practices. One of the primary risk factors associated with poor fertility was BCS loss. The conception rate described here (48%) is consistent with recent reports from other dairy industries (Australia, 49%, ; New Zealand, 53%, ; Northern Ireland, 37%, ; North America, 45%, ; United Kingdom, 44%, ). A Determined by ultrasonography approximately one week before the date set for the start of mating.b Percentage of calved cows submitted for service in the first 21 days of the breeding season.These trends were confirmed by an analysis of National Farm Survey data, which showed that in the year 2000 less than 10% of farmers calved 90% or more of their cows over a nine-week period. In conjunction with these studies, a recent large-scale study of Irish dairy herds showed an embryonic loss rate of 7% in pregnant heifers and cows between days 28 and 84 of gestation.

The primary risk factor was BCS loss; cows that lost 0.5 of a BCS unit had a probability of 0.12 of embryonic mortality compared to a probability of 0.04 for cows which gained 0.5 of a BCS unit. This incidence of late embryonic mortality is considerably lower than that of early embryonic mortality (30%) or late embryonic mortality reported in North America (20%, ) but similar to that reported in New Zealand (4.5%, ). Data from a recent longitudinal survey of twelve European countries comprising 143 dairy herds showed that, although both mean calving interval (394 days) and mean culling rate (28%) were high, the Irish herds had below average calving interval, culling rate and milk yield.Strategies are required to improve or halt the decline in reproductive performance as production systems are continually evolving. These approaches must include feeding systems to reduce negative energy balance and maintain body condition, automated management systems to improve detection of oestrus with less labour, and adoption of a total merit breeding index to select for genetically more fertile cattle.

In the absence of research and progress in these areas, the response to traditional veterinary therapies may become increasingly diminished. Berglund B, Philipsson J. Breeding for fertility - the Scandinavian experience.

Cattle Practice. 2001; 9:169–172. Bloch A, Wolfenson D, Kaim M, Roth Z, Braw-Tal R, Folman Y. Factors affecting the time intervals between estrus, LH surge and ovulation in high-yield dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science.

2001; 79(Suppl 1):464–465. Boichard D, Barbat A, Briend M. Bilan phenotypique de la fertilite chez les bovins laitiers.

Reproduction Genetique et Performances, Compte rendu de la journee annuelle de l'Association pour l'Etude de la Reproduction Animale, Lyon, France. 5–9. Britt JH. Follicular development and fertility: Potential impacts of negative energy balance. Proceeding of the National Reproduction Symposium, Pittsburgh, North America.

103–112. Buckley F, Dillon P, Mee JF, Veerkamp R. Moorepark farm fertility study - initial results. Proceedings of the Irish Grassland Association Dairy Conference, Tullamore, Ireland. 24–37. Buckley F, O'Sullivan K, Mee JF, Evans RD, Dillon P. Relationships among milk yield, body condition, cow weight, and reproduction in spring-calved Holstein-Friesians.

Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 86:2308–2319.

Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-033-5. Buckley F, Mee JF, O'Sullivan K, Evans R, Berry D, Dillon P. Insemination factors affecting conception rate in seasonal calving Holstein-Friesian cows. Reproduction Nutrition Development.

Burton LJ, Harris BL, Winkelman AM, Xu ZZ. Reproductive performance and genetic improvement of fertility in dairy cattle.

Proceedings of the Dairy Farming Annual Conference, Massey University, New Zealand. 59–67. Chevalier A, Humblot P. Evolution des taux de non retour apres insemination artificielle: effet du controle du delai de mise a la reproduction sur les resultats de fertilite. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants.

1998; 5:75–77. 'I thought she was pregnant': unfolding the mystery behind the long return interval NZ dairy cow.

Proceedings of the Ruakura Dairy Farmers Conference, Hamilton, New Zealand. 79.

Cromie A. New body condition scoring proofs to improve fertility. Irish Farmers Journal, Winter AI Supplement, w/e 16 November. 2–3. Cunningham EP.

Breed composition of the 1976 calf crop. Farm and Food Research. 1976; 7:16–17. Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (1979-2001) Reports on Progeny Test Results and Ease of Calving Survey Results. Dublin: Animal Breeding Division. Dillon P, Crosse S, Stakelum G, Flynn F. The effect of calving date and stocking rate on the performance of spring-calving dairy cows.

Grass and Forage Science. 1995; 50:286–299. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02324.x. Dillon P, Veerkamp RF. Breeding strategies. Proceedings of the Teagasc National Dairy Conference, Killarney, Ireland.

41–54. Donnellen T, Dillon P, Shalloo L, Hennessy T, Breen J. A dairy farming road map: where now for dairy farmers?

Proceedings of the National Dairy Conference, Killarney, Ireland. 13–51. Drennan M, Power R.

Breed composition of the national cattle herd. Farm and Food. 1993; 3:27–30.

Dunne LD, Diskin MG, Boland MP, O'Farrell KJ, Sreenan JM. The effect of changes in feed intake around the time of insemination on systemic progesterone and embryo development and survival in cattle. Occasional Publication No.26 - British Society of Animal Science.

2001; 2:381–384. A Reil, editor. European Dairy Farmers Report. Braunschweig, Germany: Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Institute for Farm Economics and Rural Studies; 2002. EEC(1977-2001) EEC Dairy Facts and Figures. Thames Ditton: Milk Marketing Board, UK (1997-1994) and London: The Dairy Council; 2001.

Esslemont D, Kossaibati M. The Costs of Poor Fertility and Disease in UK Dairy Herds. Milton Keynes: Intervet UK Limited; 2002. Trends in fertility in 52 dairy herds over 11 seasons; pp. Evans RD, Buckley F, Dillon P, Veerkamp RF. Genetic parameters for production and fertility in spring-calving Irish dairy cattle.

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 2002; 41:43–54. Fagan JG, Roche JF. Reproductive activity in postpartum dairy cows based on progesterone concentrations in milk or rectal examination.

Irish Veterinary Journal. 1986; 40:124–131.

Fahey J, O'Sullivan K, Crilly J, Mee JF. The effect of feeding and management practices on calving rate in dairy herds. Animal Reproduction Science.

2002; 74:133–150. Doi: 10.1016/S0378-432-6. Fair T, Kelleher D, O'Farrell K. Analysis of Moorepark fertility data. Report for the Department of Animal Science and Production, University College Dublin.

1–57. Gorlach A. Zur fruchtbarkeit beim rind aus der sicht eines sterilitatstierarztes. Der Praktische Tierarzt. 1988; 69:68–70.

Harris BL, Holmes CW, Winkelman AM, Xu ZZ. Comparisons between fertility and survival of strains of Holstein-Friesian cows, Jersey cows and their crosses in New Zealand.

Occasional Publication No.26 - British Society of Animal Science. 2001; 2:491–493. Hoekstra J, van der Lugt AW, van der Werf JHJ, Ouweltjes W. Genetic and phenotypic parameters for milk production and fertility traits in upgraded dairy cattle. Livestock Production Science. 1994; 40:225–232.

Doi: 10.1016/0301-620-6. Horan B, Mee JF, Dillon P, Berry D, O'Connor P, Rath M.

Comparison of reproductive performance of different strains of Holstein-Friesian cows managed under various pasture based systems of milk production. Proceedings of the Agricultural Research Forum, Tullamore, Ireland. 15.

ICBF (Irish Cattle Breeding Federation) Irish Cattle Breeding Statistics 2001. 2002. Jorritsma R, Jorritsma H, Schukken YH, Wentink GH. Relationships between fatty liver and fertility and some periparturient diseases in commercial Dutch dairy herds. 2000; 54:1065–1074. Doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00415-5.

Jorritsma R, de Groot MW, Vos PLAM, Kruip TAM, Wensing Th, Noordhuizen JPTM. Acute fasting in heifers as a model for assessing the relationship between plasma and follicular fluid NEFA concentrations. 2003; 60:151–161. Doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01358-4. Jorritsma R, Wensing T, Kruip TAM, Vos PLAM, Noordhuizen JPTM.

Metabolic changes in early lactation and impaired reproductive performance in dairy cows. Veterinary Research. 2003; 34:11–26.

Doi: 10.1051/vetres:2002054. Kenny DA, Boland MP, Diskin MG, Sreenan JM. Effect of pasture crude protein and fermentable energy supplementation on blood metabolite and progesterone concentrations and on embryo survival in heifers. Animal Science. 2001; 73:501–511. Langley OH. Moorepark 25th Anniversary Publication.

Part II: Animal Health and Machine Milking. Dublin: An Foras Taluntais; 1986. Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows; pp. Leonard N, Mee JF, Snijders SEM, Mackie D. Prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in bulk milk in unvaccinated Irish dairy herds. Irish Veterinary Journal. 2002; 55:278.

Lopez-Gatius F. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. 2003; 60:89–99.

Doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01359-6. Lucy MC. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? Journal of Dairy Science.

2001; 84:1277–1293. Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-038-0. Mann GE, Lamming GE, Robinson RS, Wathes DC.

The regulation of interferon-t production and uterine hormone receptors during early pregnancy. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement. 1999; 54:317–328. Mann GE. Corpus luteum function and early embryonic death in the bovine.

Proceedings of the World Buiatrics Congress, Hannover, Germany. 300–306. Mayne CS, McCoy MA, Lennox SD, Mackey DR, Verner M, Catney DC, McCaughey WJ, Wylie ARG, Kennedy BW, Gordon FJ. Fertility of dairy cows in Northern Ireland. Veterinary Record. 2002; 150:707–713. Doi: 10.1136/vr.150.23.707.

McGrath ME, Mee JF, Snijders SEM, O'Callaghan D. The effect of genotype on the onset of puberty and subsequent fertility in dairy heifers.

Proceedings of the Agricultural Research Forum, Tullamore, Ireland. 46. Mee JF, Fahey J, Crilly J.

Breeding the dairy cow of the future - today's challenges. Proceedings of the Teagasc National Dairy Conference, Adare, Co.

Limerick, Ireland. 7–16.

Mee JF, Waijer A, Heimstra J. Evaluation of a radio-telemetric oestrus detection system in dairy cows at pasture.

Research Report, Teagasc Dairy and Pig Husbandry Departments, Moorepark. 16–17. Mee JF, Moyes T, Gleeson D, O'Brien B. A questionnaire survey of fertility management on dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Veterinary Journal.

2002; 55:122–128. More O'Ferrall GJ. Holstein or Friesian for Irish dairy farmers? Farm and Food Research. 1984; 15:62–64. Morton J.

The InCalf Project - some risk factors for reproductive performance in Australian dairy herds. Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Combined Dairy Veterinarians' Conference, Port Vila, Vanuatu. 43–61. Nebel RL, Mowrey CM.

Why is it so hard to catch cows in heat? Hoard's Dairyman. 2000; 145:550. O'Donovan K, O'Brien B, Kinsella J, Ruane D, Gleeson D.

Labour on dairy farms - the springtime challenge. Proceedings of the National Dairy Conference, Cork, Ireland. 77–84. O'Farrell KJ. Management Factors Affecting the Reproductive Performance of Spring-Calving Dairy Cows in Ireland. Thesis, University of Dublin; 1992.

O'Farrell KJ, Crilly J, Sreenan JM, Diskin M. Is cow fertility declining on Irish dairy farms? Proceedings of the Teagasc National Dairy Conference, Fermoy, Ireland. 88–106. O'Farrell KJ, Crilly J.

First service calving rates in Irish dairy herds: trends from 1991-1996. Occasional Publication No.26 - British Society of Animal Science. 2001; 2:353–358.

Opsomer G, Grohn YT, Hertl J, Coryn M, Deluyker H, de Kruif A. Risk factors for post partum ovarian dysfunction in high producing dairy cows in Belgium: a field study. 2000; 53:841–857. Doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00234-X.

Ouweltjes W, Smolders EAA, van Eldik P, Elving L, Schukken YH. Herd fertility parameters in relation to milk production in dairy cattle. Livestock Production Science. 1996; 46:221–227. Doi: 10.1016/S0301-623-0. Pryce JE, Veerkamp RF.

The incorporation of fertility indices in genetic improvement programmes. Occasional Publication No.26 - British Society of Animal Science. 2001; 1:237–249. Pryce JE, Simm G, Robinson JJ. Effects of selection for production and maternal diet on maiden dairy heifer fertility. Animal Science 2001.

2002; 74:415–421. Quinn EP, Mee JF, Dillon PG, Gath V, Crowe MA. The reproductive performance of three strains of primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows managed under three grass-based systems of milk production. Proceedings of the Agricultural Research Forum, Tullamore, Ireland. 72. Quinn N, Killen L, Buckley F. The factors affecting the lactation cur ve of Irish dairy cows.

Proceedings of the Agricultural Research Forum, Tullamore, Ireland. 20. Rajala-Schulz PJ, Fraser GS.

Reproductive performance in Ohio dairy herds in the 1990 s. Animal Reproduction Science. 2003; 76:127–142. Doi: 10.1016/S0378-433-9.

Royal MD, Darwash AO, Flint APF, Webb R, Woolliams JA, Lamming GE. Declining fertility in dairy cattle: changes in traditional and endocrine parameters of fertility. Animal Science. 2000; 70:487–501. Sartori R, Sartor-Bergfelt R, Mertens SA, Guenther JN, Parrish JJ, Wiltbank MC.

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002; 85:2803–2812. Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-037-1. Silke V, Diskin MG, Kenny DA, Boland MP, Dillon P, Mee JF, Sreenan JM. Extent, pattern and factors associated with late embryonic loss in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science.

2002; 71:1–12. Doi: 10.1016/S0378-436-7. Silva HM, Wilcox CJ, Thatcher WW, Becker RB, Morse D. Factors affecting days open, gestation length, and calving interval in Florida dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 1992; 75:288–293.

Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-034-9. Simm G. Genetic Improvement of Cattle and Sheep.

Ipswich: Farming Press; 1998. Snijders SEM, Dillon P, O'Callaghan D, Boland MP. Effect of genetic merit, milk yield, body condition and lactation number on in vitro oocyte development in dairy cows.

2000; 53:981–989. Doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00244-2. Snijders SE, Dillon PG, O'Farrell KJ, Diskin M, Wylie AR, O'Callaghan D, Rath M, Boland MP. Genetic merit for milk production and reproductive success in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science. 2001; 65:17–31. Doi: 10.1016/S0378-437-7.

Taylor VJ, Beever DE, Wathes DC. Plasma IGF-I, energy balance status and ovarian function in dairy cows producing average and high milk yields in the early post partum period. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Abstract Series. 2000; 26:34–35. Vasconcelos JLM, Silcox RW, Lacerda JA, Pursley JR, Wiltbank MC. Pregnancy rate, pregnancy loss and response to heat stress after AI at two different times from ovulation in dairy cows. Biology of Reproduction.

1997; 56(Supplement 1):140. (Abstract 230). Veerkamp RF, Oldenbroek JK, Van Der Gaast HJ, Van Der Werf JHJ. Genetic correlation between days until start of luteal activity and milk yield, energy balance, and live weights.

Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 83:577–583. Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-037-4. Washburn SP, Silvia WJ, Brown CH, McDaniel BT, McAllister AJ. Trends in reproductive performance in Southeastern Holstein and Jersey DHI herds. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002; 85:244–251.

Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-033-3. Weller JI, Ezra E. Genetic analysis of somatic cell score and female fertility of Israeli Holsteins with an individual animal model. Journal of Dairy Science. 1997; 80:585–593. Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-034-5.

Westwood CT, Lean IJ, Garvin JK. Factors influencing fertility of Holstein dair y cows: a multivariate description.

Journal of Dairy Science. 2002; 85:3225–3237. Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-031-1. Whitaker DA.

What to do about modern dairy cows and fertility? Irish Veterinary Journal. 2002; 55:635–638. Wiltbank MC, Fricke PM, Sangsritavong S, Sartori R, Ginther OJ. Mechanisms that prevent and produce double ovulations in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 83:2998–3007.

Cork Report 1982 Pdf To Excel Converter

Doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-031-5. Xu Z, Burton L. Reproductive performance of dairy cows in New Zealand. Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Combined Dairy Veterinarians' Conference, Port Vila, Vanuatu.

Wimbledon Football Club was an English club formed in, south-west, in 1889 and based at from 1912 to 1991. Founded as Wimbledon Old Centrals, the club were a team for most of their history. Nicknamed 'the Dons' and latterly also ', they won eight titles, the in 1963 and three successive championships between 1975 and 1977, and were then elected to.

The team rose quickly from obscurity during the 1980s and were to the then top-flight in 1986, just four seasons after being in the.Wimbledon's '—so-called because of the boisterous, eccentric behaviour of the players—won the in, beating that season's League champions, and thereby became one of only three clubs to have won both the FA Cup and its amateur counterpart. In 1991, following the publication of the recommending all-seater grounds for top-flight clubs, Wimbledon left Plough Lane to with nearby at —an originally temporary arrangement that ended up lasting over a decade. The team remained in the First Division and its successor the until they were in 2000.In 2001, after rejecting a variety of possible local sites and others further afield, the club announced its intention to 56 miles (90 km) north to in. The idea of Wimbledon leaving south London was deeply unpopular, both with the bulk of the club's established fanbase and with football supporters generally, but an independent commission appointed by granted permission in May 2002. A group of supporters, appalled by the decision, responded by forming a new club, to which the large majority of Wimbledon fans immediately switched allegiance. Wimbledon F.C.

Played their first match in Milton Keynes in 2003 and changed their name to in 2004. The Wimbledon Old Centrals ofWimbledon Old Central Football Club were formed in 1889, taking its name from the on where players had been pupils. The club's first match was a 1–0 victory over Westminster, and it only took seven years for success to come to Wimbledon as the club won both the Clapham League and the Herald League in. Wimbledon won the Clapham League again in, as well as two minor trophies. A meeting was convened on 1 May 1905, and the decision was taken to drop 'Old Central' from the club's name – the club became Wimbledon Football Club, and under its new name the club won the South London Charity Cup the same year – however, excessive debts caused the club to fold in 1910.

The club was restarted a year later under the name Wimbledon Borough, though 'Borough' was dropped from the team's name after barely a year. The club continued to play on Wimbledon Common and at various other locations in the Wimbledon area until 1912, when the side settled at. Wimbledon joined the for, and in the second season in its new division finished as runners-up. The club then joined the.

Winning four Isthmian League titles during the 1930s, and reaching the final in, Wimbledon began to prosper. The club reached another FA Amateur Cup final in, and finished as runners-up in the league twice over the next few seasons.Wimbledon won the Isthmian League for the fifth time in before starting a period of domination that saw three successive championships –,. Wimbledon also lifted the FA Amateur Cup in 1962–63, beating 4–2: the club's all-time top goalscorer, scored all four Wimbledon goals with his head, and in doing so became the only player to have headed in all four of his side's goals in a match – as of 2012, still a unique feat. Following these successes the decision was taken to turn professional for the season and to enter the. Wimbledon had continued success in their new league, finishing as runners-up at the first attempt. Wimbledon became nationally famous during an run during the season: entering the competition at the first qualifying round, Wimbledon saw off first, then, and to find themselves in the third round proper. They then became the first team that century to beat a side away from home by defeating at.

In the fourth round the good form continued, as the team held the reigning First Division to a 0–0 draw at. Saved a penalty from to earn a replay, which was narrowly lost 1–0 by an in front of over 40,000 spectators at.

After winning the Southern League three times running from to, Wimbledon were elected to in place of for the season. The Football League. Wimbledon take on at in a match duringThe season was a satisfactory Football League debut for Wimbledon, who finished 13th in the. Had resigned as manager on 2 January 1978 to be succeeded by, who guided the club to promotion in. Wimbledon's first stay in the was not a successful one. The team struggled, and were in bottom place, winning just 10 league games all season. Following relegation, to was considered – chairman entered talks with the about the possibility of moving the club to the, but the plan was never executed.Still in south, saw Wimbledon regain Third Division status at the first attempt, at the end of an eventful season which saw chairman Ron Noades walk out of the club to take over, taking manager Dario Gradi to with him.

At, assistant manager was promoted to manager. Under Bassett, Wimbledon were relegated in 22nd place. Just before the survival battle was lost, injured defender committed. Wimbledon once again regained Third Division status at the first time of asking, triumphing as Fourth Division champions in, and in the Wimbledon players continued to excel as they achieved a second promotion to the after finishing runners-up with 97 league goals.was Wimbledon's first season in the Second Division, and everyone at the club was prepared for long and hard struggle to preserve this status. A 12th-place finish was more than satisfactory for a club that was playing at this level for the first time. The next year started well for Wimbledon as were defeated 3–0 on the opening day of the season – the team was soon looking like a contender for. Promotion in third place was sealed on the final day of the season with an away victory at.

Thus, Wimbledon had reached the, only four years after playing in the Fourth Division and nine years after being elected into The Football League. The top flight. See also:Many observers tipped Wimbledon to go straight back down in, but after losing the first game of the season away at, Wimbledon won the next four games to perch atop the league table on 1 September. Wimbledon eventually finished sixth, before Dave Bassett moved on to. His successor was manager.

Dubbed ' because of the eccentric behaviour of its players, fans and chairman, the club's greatest moment came in 1988 when, very much against expectation, the team won the, beating overwhelming favourites with a goal from. 37,000 Wimbledon fans witnessed becoming the first to save a in an FA Cup final, stopping 's shot. The only downside of this triumph was the fact that the club would not be able to compete in the, as the ban on English teams from European competition following the was still in operation at this time. Cup-winning captain and goalkeeper, pictured in 2003Just days after the FA Cup triumph, Wimbledon directors announced plans to build a new in the club's home borough of.

In the, Gould steered Wimbledon to a secure 12th-place finish in the First Division, and in the side finished eighth. Despite these successes, Bobby Gould was replaced by in 1990, who in had guided to victory in the. Under Harford's management, was purchased for £300,000 while Wimbledon had another strong season in, finishing seventh.Nothing came of the plans for a new ground and at the end of the club's board decided that was beyond redevelopment to meet the new rule requiring all-seater stadiums. Consequently, the club moved to before the season, with.

Harford suddenly resigned in October 1991, to be replaced. Withe lasted until just after the turn of the new year, when was promoted from the role of youth team coach, initially taking over as interim manager. After guiding Wimbledon to 13th place in the First Division and booking a place in the inaugural, Kinnear got the manager's job on a permanent basis.began as a struggle for Wimbledon – the club were third from bottom on. However, the team recovered well in the new year and finished 12th. Was one of Wimbledon's best seasons to date as the side finished sixth in the FA Premier League and reached the quarter-finals of the.

Wimbledon remained hard to beat in, finishing ninth in the league. During the close season the Dons made their first and only appearance in a European competition, being required by the FA to enter the. However, after fielding an under-strength side containing reserves, youth team players and unsigned trialists in their group stage games, the club – along with – were banned from European competition for the following season. Not that it mattered; after losing Barton to Newcastle, saw a drop to 14th.

Wimbledon made a fine start to the campaign – after losing the first three fixtures, the players proceeded to win their next seven and reach second place in the FA Premier League. There was delight in early February when they eliminated from the – Wimbledon reached both the FA Cup and the semi-finals of the League Cup. Wimbledon's last hope of qualifying for European competition now lay with a challenge for a top-five league finish, but the team could only manage eighth.

Relegation and relocation. (left, pictured in 2007) and (right, seen in 2010) joined the club as player and manager respectively in 1999 and were involved during the season, Wimbledon's last in the Premier League. Olsen left the side in May 2000, just before relegation, while Hartson remained with the side until February 2001.The season looked highly promising for Wimbledon as late on as, as the team were regularly in the top five. However, the side's form in the second half of the season was less impressive, and the club dipped to 15th place in the final table – the lowest finish yet for Wimbledon in the top flight. A similar pattern followed in – a good start followed by a slump.

As late on as mid-March, the team were on the fringe of a place. The club record signing of striker boosted hopes of success for Wimbledon, but a terrible run of form in the final weeks of the season saw the side dip to 16th in the final table.

Wimbledon again reached the League Cup semi-finals that season – losing to eventual winners.Joe Kinnear stepped down as manager in June 1999 due to ill health, and was succeeded by Norwegian coach. Wimbledon reached the quarter-finals of the League Cup, but the team's league form slowly deteriorated during the second half of the season. Olsen left in early May with the club threatened by relegation. Long-serving coach took over, but on 14 May 2000, 12 years to the day after the FA Cup win, the side were from the top flight after 14-years after a 2–0 defeat at and 1–0 win for over. Burton remained manager of Wimbledon for two seasons in the second tier before he was sacked at the end of after the club had narrowly missed out on the promotion play-offs two seasons in a row. Relocation, renaming, and foundation of AFC Wimbledon. Main articles:, andIn August 2001, the club announced its intent to relocate to.

Despite opposition from the majority of Wimbledon fans, and, they were given permission to do so on 28 May 2002 after a 2–1 vote by the three-person, independent commission appointed by the F.A. The approval of the decision to move the club caused supporters who were against the move to found a new club, to which a majority of Wimbledon F.C.

Fans switched their allegiance.Goalkeeping coach was promoted to manager, and as attendances plummeted, Murdoch's team finished 10th in the league during the club's last full season at Selhurst Park. Wimbledon entered in June 2003, and played their first match in in September.

Although crowds attending the club's games at its new base were bigger than those at Wimbledon, the administrator in charge of the club's financial affairs sold any player who could command a transfer fee and Murdoch's team finished at the bottom of the league.The club were brought out of administration at the end of the, and subsequently renamed '. Club identity. The kit worn in theThe club's was the Dons, though the club were also often referred to in the media as from the mid-1970s onwards. Following the victory in 1988, the term also started to be applied; originally to the players, though over time to the club as a whole. The club introduced a character mascot in 2000, a Womble named Wandle the Womble. However, following the relocation of the club in 2003, the owners of the Wombles brand refused to renew the licensing agreement in protest at the move.

Three years later, a deal was agreed that saw a similar character named Haydon the Womble appear at.The colours most associated with the club were blue and yellow. The club's first colours were navy blue and white, though the kit changed several times soon after the club's foundation, between combinations of: brown and blue striped shirts with navy blue shorts; green and white striped shirts with navy blue shorts; green shirts and black shorts; white shirts with navy blue shorts, and finally green and black striped shirts with black shorts. Royal blue shirts with navy blue shorts and socks were finally settled upon in 1918, initially bearing a 'W' (for Wimbledon) in the centre of the chest. Wimbledon players then regularly wore royal blue shirts with black shorts and socks until a shift in the 1950s saw the shorts change from black to white. A combination of blue shirts, blue shorts and white socks was introduced in 1966, before being abandoned a year later in favour of an all-blue outfit.

The white socks returned in 1970. A blue and yellow combination was first used in 1975, but was replaced after a year with an all-white outfit trimmed with blue, and this was the kit in which the club played its first season in the Football League. In 1978, Yellow shirts, blue shorts and yellow socks were adopted, before the club made the change to an all-blue strip with yellow markings in 1981.

The kit underwent only minor changes until 1993, when a darker, deep navy blue replaced the royal blue shade that had been used for the previous twelve years. Wimbledon wore these colours for the remainder of their history. As for, a red kit, with black trim, was a frequent choice in the 1990s. The club had a green away kit for the season. Wimbledon's final proposed logo, adopted before the season but not used on playing kitThe first crest the club wore was the emblem of the. This emblem appeared on Wimbledon shirts from the late 1920s until the mid-1950s, when no badge was worn.

The returned in the early 1970s, before the club adopted its own badge on election to The Football League in 1977. The crest was very similar to the badge most commonly associated with the club – the difference being the inclusion of white rather than yellow. Yellow replaced white in 1981, and this logo was used until 2003. After the club's was confirmed in May 2002, the informed the club in August 2002 that its continued use of the Borough arms was illegal. A replacement, given the go-ahead on 12 April 2003, featured a stylised eagle's head – an element from the Wimbledon arms – drawn in navy blue and yellow outline, the yellow forming a stylized rendering of the letters 'MK' (for Milton Keynes). Despite being officially adopted in April 2003, the logo's use was inconsistent: the club officially announced that it would be used 'on all club kit, merchandise and literature from the start of the 2003–04 season', including on a new white away kit and on an amended version of the previous season's home outfit, but this did not occur; both the home and away colours from 2002–03 were retained for the following year with the municipal arms still present. Moreover, the old crest continued to appear on official club statements towards the end of the 2003–04 season, making the status of the new badge ambiguous.

Mascot From 2000 to June 2003, the original Wimbledon F.C. Had used a mascot named 'Wandle', named after the local, as a club mascot.

However, in light of the controversy over the moving of the club to Milton Keynes, the licence to use the character was withdrawn by the Wombles' creator, as a protest. Kit history YearKit ManufacturerSponsor1975–77none190–81Golddigger1981–82Oscanone1982–83Barralan1983–84MiletaCrispins1984–85SpallJohn Lelliott1985–86Mileta1986–88Spall1988–891–1993none1993–94Ribero1994–951995–96Core199–20001–02Maximuscle2002–04Stadium. 's South Stand, pictured in 2000Wimbledon originally played on, using the Fox and Grapes in Camp Road as the team's headquarters and changing room.

The club moved to in September 1912. During the 1930s and 1940s, crowds of between 7,000 and 10,000 were not uncommon at the ground. Wimbledon's highest attendance at the ground came on 2 March 1935, when 18,080 people were attracted to an tie against. Were first used on 3 October 1960 in a match against.The Plough Lane ground remained comparatively basic, and by the time the club had risen to the the stadium had not changed greatly from Wimbledon's recent non-league days. At the time of the club's acceptance into in 1977, applicants had only to meet minimal stadium criteria, and once in the League these same criteria sufficed regardless of whether the club subsequently found itself in the or First Division. However, following the and the subsequent, the football authorities introduced far stricter safety rules, which gave top-flight clubs specific deadlines by which to redevelop terraced grounds or to build new.

The board of the club decided that Plough Lane could not be made to comply with these new requirements economically and, in 1990, they announced plans to temporarily with at their stadium.Given the location of the Plough Lane ground, at the junction of two major roads and beside the, major redevelopment of the site as a modern all-seater stadium might have been difficult, though not impossible. The club's board of directors maintained that it had 'searched exhaustively with Merton Council' for a site in or around on which to build a new stadium, looking at '14 different sites over a period of five years', in addition to commissioning feasibility studies for redeveloping both Plough Lane and the neighbouring site at. Despite this, nothing ever became of the board's continual promises to redevelop the site or to build a new ground within the borough, and the club remained as tenants at Selhurst Park for twelve years.Wimbledon's first match at the in was played on 27 September 2003. The club remained there for the rest of, and the ground became the first home of.PeriodStadiumBorough/Town182–1992003–2004Supporters. Average home league attendances from joining in 1977 to 2004First vertical line (from left) – move to (1991)Second – confirmation of to (2002)Third – Move to Milton Keynes (2003)Due to 's modest capacity and Wimbledon's unprecedented rise from to the in under ten years, the club had a much lower level of support than its top-flight rivals. During Wimbledon's in, Wimbledon's average attendance was only 3,135 – however, by the club's appearance in the top flight the average attendance had risen by 149% to 7,811.

Attendances did not immediately change much following the move to in 1991 – however, the larger capacity gradually started to be used. Average crowds peaked at 18,235 in, and during the next season, the team's final year in the, home crowds averaged 17,157.

With, attendances dropped to an average of only 7,897 during as organized supporter boycotts of matches in protest at the proposed relocation took effect. Wimbledon averaged 6,961 during the the club's was confirmed.Following the sanctioning of the move, most of the team's support left, in specific protest at the club's relocation, to follow, the new club founded by Wimbledon supporters. During the season, AFC Wimbledon's first and Wimbledon's last full season in south London, average crowds at the new club were actually higher than those at the original club. Attendances during the season, Wimbledon's last, were higher than those at AFC Wimbledon: Wimbledon averaged 4,751 at the National Hockey Stadium, compared to AFC Wimbledon's 2,606.The club had two main supporters organisations– the long established official Wimbledon F.C.

Supporters Club, which was tied to the club, and the more radical Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association (WISA) which was founded in 1995. The WISA was instrumental in the organisation of the supporter boycotts at Selhurst Park, and in the formation of in March 2002. This trust, created in part to oppose the relocation to Milton Keynes, helped the WISA to found months after its own establishment. Both the WISA and The Dons Trust from this point became affiliated to, while the official Wimbledon F.C Supporters Club became defunct following the relocation. Rivalries. Main article:During much of Wimbledon's amateur and later history, a strong local rivalry existed with neighbouringFrom the mid 1980s, the club's main rivals were considered by fans to be fellow south club (who were their landlord from 1991 to 2003) and west London-based; however, neither of these rivalries was seriously reciprocated. Wimbledon were in the same division as Palace for a total of 11 seasons between 1984 and 2004, and in the same division as Chelsea for all but one season between 1986 and 2000.

Records and statistics. Wimbledon's progress through the from 1920 to 2004Horizontal black lines represent (from top):1 (post-1992) –2–4 (1–4 pre-1992) –4–6 –6 –;The record for most appearances for Wimbledon was held by, who turned out for the club 644 times between 1958 and 1972; Law's 433 league appearances was also a record. Wimbledon's all-time top goalscorer was, who scored 340 goals in 329 matches between 1957 and 1966. The closest to Reynolds's record was, who notched 297 between 1964 and 1977; Cooke also made the second highest total number of appearances for the team, having appeared 615 times in a Wimbledon shirt.The records for most appearances and goals for Wimbledon in were both held. Cork scored 145 league goals for the club in 430 matches. Cork also held the record for most Football League goals in a season, with 29 during. Wimbledon's most capped player was, who was capped 16 times for the during his time at the club.

Wimbledon's most expensive signing was, for whom the club paid £7.5 million on 15 January 1999. The highest fee that the club received was the £7 million parted with to sign on 6 July 2000.Wimbledon's best win was a 6–0 league victory over on 3 September 1983, while the worst defeat was an 8–0 defeat at on 29 August 1978. Wimbledon's longest unbeaten league run was 22 matches between 15 January and 14 May 1984; the longest league run without a win, 14, was set between 19 March and 28 August 2000. Wimbledon's longest run of league wins was seven, set between 9 April and 7 May 1983 and matched from 4 September to 19 October 1996. Wimbledon's longest run of league defeats was the eleven matches lost in a row from 10 January to 27 March 2004.Wimbledon's highest attendance, 30,115, was set on 9 May 1993 for the match against at but their official home attendance record is 18,080 vs HMS Victory in an FA Amateur Cup tie on 9 March 1935 at due to Selhurst Park being borrowed from Crystal Palace FC. European record.

See also: SeasonCompetitionRoundClubHomeAwayGroup Stage0–4 11–10–0 10–31Both home matches in this competition were played at, as Selhurst Park was unavailable. Players First team squad The squad given here is made up of the players registered to the club on the date of Wimbledon F.C.' S final league match (Wimbledon 1–0, 9 May 2004). Updated 9 May 2004.Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.PositionPlayer23456(on loan to )1516No.PositionPlayer17181920(on loan from ). Managed the club from 1992 to 1999.Prior to the appointment of H.

Watts as first team manager in 1930, a committee would deal with first team affairs, such as choosing the team on a matchday. Doc Dowden was appointed manager in 1946, and stayed in the position until leaving at the end of the season. Arrived in his place as first team coach, and stayed at the club for sixteen years in which the club progressed immensely, winning the as well as three championships before turning professional and moving to the. However, in 1971 Henley was replaced by, who arrived as. After two seasons, Everitt left to manage and arrived as a replacement. Graham remained until March 1974, and a replacement was not appointed until July of that year, when was made manager. Batsford led Wimbledon to, but resigned only halfway through the first League season.

Was made manager three days later, but after three seasons he too resigned. His replacement was, who took Wimbledon to sixth in the before moving to. Spent three years as manager before being replaced by, who spent just over a season with Wimbledon.

After Harford, had a spell as manager lasting only three months. Was brought in during January 1992, and managed the club until leaving in 1999 due to ill health. A season was spent under in which the team was from the before was made manager. Burton's Wimbledon narrowly missed the play-offs twice in a row before he was sacked. Managed Wimbledon for the club's final two seasons.

Statistics apply to competitive league and cup matches only. Wartime matches excluded. WattsEnglish19301946Doc DowdenEnglish1946August 6412649.6EnglishAugust 19555 April 15623553.9English5 April 19716 August 64540.8English18 August 197316 March 1535.6EnglishJuly 19742 January 514956.7English5 January 197824 January 76136.8English31 January 198117 June 748547.5English26 June 198718 June 34240.1English18 June 19907 October 1935.7English7 October 199119 January.9Irish19 January 19929 June 10912535.7Norwegian9 June 19991 May 2025.6English1 May 200025 April 93036.1English25 June 20027 August 75429.7.

Managers from Dowden until Batsford sourced to: Jones, Marc. Archived from on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.Managers after Batsford sourced to:.

Archived from on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009. Honours Wimbledon were a successful club even before election to, winning eight titles (including three in a row from 1962 to 1964) and three successive titles (from 1975 to 1977). Having also won the in 1963, the run of Southern League titles prompted Football League election in 1977.Even at the higher level, Wimbledon continued to collect honours; the most notable being the victory in 1988, which made Wimbledon only the third club to have won both the FA Cup and its amateur equivalent. Despite swift success in The Football League, the club's rapid ascent combined with short spells in the and meant that the team only won a solitary divisional championship within the League – the title of. HonourYear(s)winnerspromotionpromotionchampionspromotion,winnersrunners-up,runners-uprunners-upchampions,runners-upchampions,runners-up,runners-upNotes and references Footnotes.

21 June 2004. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

^ Heller, Ivor (1 September 2002). London: Guardian News and Media.

Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^ Pryce, Robert (26 August 2002). London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^ Rundle, Richard. Football Club History Database. Retrieved 6 June 2009.

Barber, David (18 October 2010). Retrieved 21 November 2010. “What happened at Wembley in The FA Amateur Cup Final of 1963 between Wimbledon and Sutton that had never happened before and hasn’t happened since?” The answer given at half-time, as I suspected, was “Eddie Reynolds scored four goals for Wimbledon with his head”. Noades, Ron (1 April 2001). Retrieved 30 May 2009. I certainly looked for alternatives for rehousing Wimbledon, I mean, I could see the limitations in Plough Lane; but the big problem with Wimbledon was, in my view, was that Richmond Park was several square miles of parkland, where there weren't any houses, and it affected Wimbledon's gates compared to other clubs. Yes, we took an interest in Milton Keynes we took a controlling interest in Milton Keynes, at the time they had financial problems, and I went up there, I was in the local press, I met the local authority, and they had a stadium site, right next to the big bus terminal there and the station, the main line route from Euston up to Manchester, and they were very keen to get a Football League club, effectively a franchise if you like, into Milton Keynes to take up that site.

I couldn't really see us getting any bigger gates than what Northampton Town were currently getting at that time, and, in fact, are still getting. I really couldn't see any future in it. I can't actually see that there is a means of drawing large attendances to Milton Keynes. Crabtree, Stephen (April 1996).

The Dons in the League 1977–1982. Buckingham: Sporting and Leisure Press. 12 September 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

Retrieved 24 August 2009. Outsiders at 33-1 before the third-round in January, Wimbledon turned the form book upside down to beat Liverpool, recently crowned League champions and one of the hottest favourites for years.

Beasant was responsible for two FA Cup Final 'firsts' as he became the first goalkeeper to receive the Cup and the first to save a penalty kick at Wembley. Dennis Wise's right-footer from the free kick curled in towards the near post, Lawrie Sanchez scored with a simple glancing header into the far corner. 24 April 1989. Retrieved 8 May 2009.

15 April 1999. Retrieved 4 June 2009. 17 January 1996. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ Babbington, Andrea (1 June 2000).

London: Independent News & Media. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

15 January 1999. Retrieved 7 August 2008. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2009.

^. Retrieved 31 August 2009. (PDF). Archived from (PDF) on 19 November 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2009. White, Jim (11 January 2003). London: Guardian News and Media.

Retrieved 5 June 2009. ^. 25 June 2002.

Retrieved 4 June 2009. Moffitt, Alistair (31 October 2002).

London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 4 June 2009. London: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 5 June 2009. ^ Pryce, Robert (29 September 2003). London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

Milledge, Adrian (7 April 2004). London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^. 21 June 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2009. ^ Moor, Dave.

Historical Kits. Retrieved 3 June 2009. Stockford, Tara. Tidy Bag - The Online Wombles Museum. Retrieved 3 June 2009.

^. Wimbledon F.C. (transferred to mkdons.com).

15 April 2003. Archived from on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2011. Wimbledon F.C. (transferred to mkdons.com). Archived from on 1 April 2012.

Retrieved 8 September 2011. Wimbledon F.C. (transferred to mkdons.com). Archived from on 1 April 2012.

Retrieved 8 September 2011. Wimbledon F.C.

(transferred to mkdons.com). 21 June 2004. Archived from on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2011. Plummer, David (13 May 2003). Retrieved 14 August 2011.

Wimbledon F.C. Archived from on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2009.

^. European Football Statistics. Archived from on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

^. Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association. Archived from on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2009. ^.

Archived from on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009. (PDF). Football Fans Census. December 2003. Archived from (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2009.

^ Jones, Marc. Archived from on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2009. Jones, Marc. Archived from on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ Jones, Marc.

Archived from on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^.

Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^. Archived from on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

London: Guardian News and Media. 15 January 1999. Retrieved 4 June 2009. Nixon, Alan (6 July 2000). Merton, Greater London: Independent News & Media. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^.

Archived from on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2009. Shaw, Phil (26 June 1995). The Independent.

London: Independent News and Media. Retrieved 26 January 2010. Wimbledon F.C. 5 April 2004. Archived from on 12 April 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ Hambly, Dave.

Historical Dons. Archived from on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^ Hambly, Dave. Historical Dons. Archived from on 24 September 2008.

Pdf To Excel Converter Online Free

Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^ Hambly, Dave.

Historical Dons. Archived from on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2009. Hambly, Dave.

Historical Dons. Archived from on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

^ Hambly, Dave. Historical Dons. Archived from on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^ Hambly, Dave. Historical Dons.

Archived from on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

Archived from on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. at the Football Club History Database.